정향 오일의 건강상의 이점과 용도는 무엇입니까?

정향 나무에서 정향 오일을 추출합니다. 날카로운 매운 냄새가 나는 정향 싹에서 증류 된 증기입니다. 동남아시아 원산이며 수세기 동안 치과 문제와 관련된 통증을 치료하는 데 사용되었습니다.

클로브 오일은 항산화, 항균, 항진균, 항 염증 및 마취 특성을 가지고 있다고합니다 (1), (2). 또한 피부 질환을 치료하고 소화를 돕고 면역 체계를 강화하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 이 기사에서는 정향 오일의 잠재적 인 건강상의 이점, 용도 및 부작용에 대해 설명합니다. 자세한 내용은 계속 읽으십시오.

12 정향 오일의 용도 및 이점

1. 치통 완화

클로브 에센셜 오일은 충치를 예방하고 구강 통증을 완화하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 전통적으로 치통을 완화하는 데 사용됩니다. 입이나 목 염증과 같은 치과 응급 상황에도 사용됩니다. 정향유는 또한 특정 치약과 구강 청결제의 제조에 사용되는 것으로보고되었습니다 (3). 정향유에서 추출한 향기로운 유성 액체 인 Eugenol은 치과 시술에서 진정제로 사용됩니다 (4). 정향은 또한 플라그 방지 특성이 있습니다. 치아 플라크를 유발할 수있는 구강 박테리아의 성장을 억제 할 수 있습니다 (5).

클로브 에센셜 오일은 또한 많은 구강 병원체에 대해 항진균 및 세포 독성 활성을 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다 (6). Eugenol과 Eugenyl acetate는 탈회 또는 치아 침식을 예방하는 데 도움이되는 정향 에센셜 오일의 두 가지 활성 성분입니다 (7). 클로브 오일은 충치를 유발하는 미생물에 가장 효과적입니다 (8).

2. 피부병 및 여드름 치료에 도움이 될 수 있습니다

클로브 오일은 여드름을 유발하는 박테리아 인 프로피 오니 박테 리움 여드름에 대해 작용한다고합니다 (9). 그러나 더 많은 결론에 도달하려면이 라인에 대한 더 많은 연구가 필요합니다.

이집트 카이로의 피부과에서 실시한 연구에 따르면 정향 오일이 만성 소양증의 국소 치료에 효과적이라는 사실이 밝혀졌습니다 (10).

이집트의 Mansoura University Hospital에서 실시한 또 다른 연구에 따르면 정향 오일 크림을 국소 도포하면 만성 항문 균열 치료에 도움이 될 수 있습니다 (11).

3. 진통 특성이있을 수 있습니다

정향 오일 마사지는 산후 산모의 허리 통증을 효과적으로 줄이는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다 (12). 클로브 오일은 림프절의 칼슘 및 염화물 채널을 활성화하여 치통과 관절통을 줄이는 진통제 특성을 가지고 있다고합니다 (13). 정향의 유제 놀도 진통 효과에 대해 연구되었습니다 (14). 클로브 오일은 또한 쥐의 통증을 완화시킬 수 있습니다 (15).

쿠웨이트 대학에서 실시한 또 다른 연구에서는 클로브 젤이 국소 마취제로서 벤조 카인을 대체 할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고 있음을 발견했습니다 (16).

4. 소화를 돕습니다

클로브 오일은 항 자극 및 진정 성분 덕분에 메스꺼움, 구토 및 멀미를 완화하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다 (17). 정향 에센셜 오일의 유제 놀은 중요한 위장 보호 인자 인 점액 합성을 자극하는 능력이 있습니다 (18). 그러나 위궤양 치료에서의 사용을 이해하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요합니다.

5. 면역 체계를 강화할 수 있습니다

정향의 유제 놀은 유리기 손상과 산화 스트레스로부터 세포막을 보호합니다 (19). 한 동물 연구에서 오일은 또한 방사선 유발 산화 스트레스에 대한 보호 역할을 할 수 있습니다 (20). 클로브 오일은 항 염증 효과가 있다고합니다. 한 연구에 따르면 정향유는 Wistar 쥐에게 용량 의존적 항 염증 효과를 나타 냈습니다 (21). 또한이 오일은 쥐에서 항 통각 및 해열 효과가있는 것으로 나타났습니다 (22).

6. 항균성이있을 수 있습니다

클로브 에센셜 오일은 특히 세균성 병원균에 대해 작용하는 항균 화합물의 강력한 공급원입니다 (23). 오일은 여러 종류의 박테리아의 성장을 막는 데 효과적 일 수 있으며 호흡기 병원균에 대해서도 작용합니다 (24). 클로브 오일은 또한 여러 항생제에 대한 내성이 높은 특정 박테리아 인 Escherichia coil 의 임상 균주에 대해 작용하는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다 (25). 스페인의 해산물 미생물학과 기술 부서에서 실시한 연구에 따르면 정향 에센셜 오일이 황색 포도상 구균 생물막을 효율적으로 죽였다는 사실을 발견했습니다 (26) .

또한 정향유 는 구강 아구창, 무좀 및 질 효모 감염을 유발하는 칸디다 알비 칸스 에 대해 작용 합니다. 정향유에 함유 된 유제 놀은 항제 효과를 나타낼 수 있습니다 (27). Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University에서 수행 한 연구에 따르면 Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University에서 수행 한 acyclovir A 연구는 생쥐의 acyclovir (항 바이러스 약물)와 클로브의 조합이 단순 포진 바이러스 감염을 치료할 수 있음을 발견했습니다.). 정향 오일과 혼합 된 에센셜 오일은 인플루엔자 바이러스를 상당히 약화시킬 수 있습니다. 오일 블렌드로 처리 된 바이러스는 바이러스 단백질의 발현이 최소화되었습니다. 이것은 정향 기름이 감염을 일으키는 특정 바이러스와 싸울 수 있다는 것을 의미합니다 (29).

7. 방충제 역할을 할 수 있음

클로브 오일은 방충제 역할을하고 매개체 매개 질병 (인간에게 기생충에 의해 유발 됨)을 예방할 수 있습니다 (30). 한 연구에 따르면 정향 에센셜 오일의 성분이 몸니 퇴치제 생산에 잠재적으로 유용 할 수 있습니다 (31). 정향 기름은 또한 일본 흰개미에 대한 기피 작용을 나타낼 수 있습니다 (32).

태국 Mahidol 대학에서 실시한 연구에 따르면 정향 에센셜 오일 이 유충의 일종 인 Leptotrombidium chiggers를 격퇴 할 수 있음을 발견했습니다. 오일은 또한 부작용을 일으킬 수있는 합성 기피제에 대한 더 안전하고 저렴한 대안이 될 수 있습니다 (33). 클로브 에센셜 오일은 또 다른 유충 종인 Leptotrombidium deliense 에 대한 반발력을 보여주었습니다 (34). 또한 정향 에센셜 오일을 함유 한 제제는 Aedes aegypti 모기에 효과적이라는 것이 밝혀졌습니다 (35).

클로브 오일의 유제 놀은 일반적인 살충제에 대한 유망한 대안으로도 작용할 수 있습니다 (36). 정향의 생물 활성 화학 물질 인 Eugenol, eugenol acetate 및 beta-caryophyllene은 붉은 불 개미를 퇴치하는 능력이있는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다 (37).

8. 복통을 줄일 수 있습니다

The eugenol in clove oil has been proposed to be beneficial for gastrointestinal complaints, such as abdominal pain. It is also used for treating cough, phlegm, and chest congestion (38). Clove may be used to reduce stomach pain. However, limited data is available to support this claim.

9. May Boost Cardiovascular Health

Clove oil may help boost cardiovascular health. Traditionally, it is known to improve blood circulation. A rat study showed that the eugenol in the oil dilated cerebral arteries. This, in humans, may mean a reduced risk of stroke (39). In rats, treatment with eugenol could lower blood pressure levels and even slow down the heart rate (40). In another study, high-fructose-fed rats, when given clove essential oil, showed an improvement in fatty liver. The oil could also regulate cholesterol levels in the rats. The study suggests the possible cardioprotective properties of clove oil (41).

In diabetic rats, clove oil could also show cardioprotective effects. This could be because of the oil’s antioxidant properties (42). Another study concludes that eugenol could be therapeutically useful as an antihypertensive agent (43).

10. May Promote Hair Growth

Eugenol is known to stimulate the hair roots. A formulation containing clove oil was found to condition hair and enhance its growth. It could repair the hair shaft (44). However, more studies in this line are needed to reach further conclusions.

11. May Have Anticancer Properties

Eugenol was identified as one of the agents that could have anticancer properties. It may also prevent the proliferation of cancer cells and can help with cancer cell death (apoptosis) (45).

In another study, eugenol could suppress the growth of melanoma or skin cancer. Eugenol treatment could reduce tumor size by 40% and also delayed the growth of tumors (46). The National Toxicology Program based on several long term carcinogenicity studies concluded that eugenol was not carcinogenic to rats (47). Similar observations could be expected in humans as well.

In another study, clove extract was found to inhibit tumor growth. It could be a novel treatment for colorectal cancer (48).

However, it is important to practice caution, as eugenol may also have certain prooxidant properties. The compound may cause allergies and other inflammatory reactions (49).

12. May Act As An Aphrodisiac

In studies on male mice, extracts of clove (along with nutmeg) could enhance sexual behavior (50). In another study, 50% ethanolic extract of clove produced a significant and sustained increase in the sexual activity of normal male rats. The extract also caused no adverse effects (51). However, more studies are warranted in this regard.

These are the major benefits of clove oil. The oil also has other important uses, which we will explore in the following section.

Other Uses of Clove Oil

• Clove oil blended with cinnamon, orange, nutmeg, or vanilla oils can lift one’s spirits. Using this warming blend in a diffuser will soon fill the room and may also relieve stress.
• Anecdotal evidence suggests that sniffing the spicy aroma of cloves reduces drowsiness and fatigue, irritability, and headaches. It may stimulate the mind and also increase memory recall.
• Cloves encourage the loosening of phlegm from the respiratory system. They also promote sweating during fevers, colds, and flu, which can be very healing. Clove oil is often used in remedies for coughs.
• Like many culinary spices, clove may help relax the smooth muscle lining of the digestive tract. A few drops of the oil in water can relieve nausea. Clove tea may help treat diarrhea, gas, bloating, and intestinal spasms.
• Clove oil stimulates circulation and blood flow to the skin. This may help those with cold extremities.
• Clove oil is as effective as oil of oregano in treating athlete’s foot, nail fungus, and other skin problems. It can be applied directly to the skin or nails (unless the skin is sensitive or broken, wherein it must be diluted with extra virgin olive oil or unrefined coconut oil).
• One drop of clove oil applied to the roof of the mouth may relieve headaches. However, more research is warranted in this regard.
• Clove oil is long used in aromatherapy to relieve pain. For general pain relief, add 3 drops of clove oil to 1 teaspoon of coconut oil or extra virgin olive oil. Apply it to the pain areas.
• A band-aid soaked in a few drops of clove oil can help treat warts. Applying the band-aid to warts may help dissolve them if done regularly for a few weeks.

Clove oil is popularly known as a remedy for toothache. Using oil to relieve tooth pain is simple. Check the following section

How To Use Clove Oil To Treat A Toothache?

Dentists use clove oil as an oral anesthetic and also to disinfect root canals. The oil stops the toothache when dropped into the oral cavity. For temporary relief, dip a cotton swab in clove oil and apply it to the affected tooth. Adding a clove or two to a cup of tea can work miracles on a toothache.

Here is how you can use clove oil to relieve your toothache:

• Dilute a few drops of clove oil in an edible carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oils.
• Dab a clean cotton ball into the solution, and allow it to soak in it.
• Avoiding contact with your gums, apply the cotton ball to the sore tooth. It may take a few minutes of application for you to feel the relief.
• Apply every 2 hours or as necessary.

You can use clove oil in various other ways to achieve its benefits. In the following section we have discussed its most popular uses.

How To Use Clove Oil?

Spray

Using the clove oil as a spray is an easy way to add the clove scent to your room. Clove oil possesses antimicrobial properties, and you can also use it as a mild disinfectant.

To make a clove spray:

• Add several drops of clove oil to water. You would need 10 to 15 drops of clove oil per ounce of water to prepare the spray.
• Add it to a spray bottle. Be sure to shake the bottle well before spraying.

Diffuser

You can also use the oil in a diffuser. While diffusing clove oil, carefully follow the instructions that come with the diffuser. Make sure the room is well-ventilated when you diffuse the clove oil.

Topically

You can apply clove oil to your skin to achieve different benefits.

Massage oils

Use 15 drops of clove oil per ounce of carrier oil to create a 2.5 percent solution of massage oil. This solution can be used as a massage oil for pain relief.

Creams, scrubs, or lotions

For use on normal skin, you need 1 to 2.5 percent dilution of clove oil. For sensitive skin, you need 0.5 to 1 percent dilution of the oil. This diluted solution has no aroma and can be used in the preparation of several scrubs, lotions, or creams.

How Do You Use Clove Oil For Hair Growth?

There is not enough information in this regard. But anecdotal evidence suggests that clove oil acts as a natural remedy to promote hair growth as it contains a number of vital vitamins and minerals. Massaging diluted clove oil into your scalp may boost blood circulation. This could ensure more nutrients and oxygen are supplied to your scalp and hair follicles. To experience the benefits of clove essential oil for hair growth, you can indulge in a hot oil treatment or apply a DIY hair mask prepared with clove oil.

Though clove oil is well studied for its benefits, it may not be suitable for all. The oil may cause side effects in some.

Are There Any Side Effects Of Using Clove Oil?

Clove oil may cause local irritation, rare allergic reactions, and contact dermatitis in some individuals. More severe effects include tissue injury and acute onset of seizures, coma, and damage to the liver and kidneys (52). Clove essential oil is generally recognized as a safe substance when consumed in concentrations lower than 1500 mg/kg. The World Health Organization (WHO) established that the daily quantity acceptable of clove per day is 2.5 mg for every kg of body weight in humans (53).

Hepatotoxicity

High doses of eugenol may harm the liver and kidneys, as per some rat studies. Several instances of severe acute liver and kidney injury have been reported after an accidental overdose of eugenol containing herbal products, largely in infants (54), (55).

May Cause Skin irritation

Excess usage of clove oil can cause skin irritation in some people. Eugenol is an effective substance that is incorporated into many dental products. Contact dermatitis due to this chemical is not unusual. However, true serious allergic reactions are extremely rare (56).

As a primary irritant and sensitizer, eugenol is known to cause contact urticaria as well as chronic urticaria (rashes with dangerous swelling) (57). If you are concerned about your sensitivity to this essential oil, do a patch test before using it. Apply a small amount of diluted clove oil to the inside of your elbow. If you notice signs of skin irritation, like redness, itching, or swelling, don’t use clove oil topically.

May Cause Allergies

It is very rare to have an allergic reaction due to clove oil. The eugenol in the oil may cause oral irritation and heat sensation on the tongue (58).

Drug Interactions

Medications that slow blood clotting (anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs) interact with clove. Hence, avoid using clove oil if you are taking any anticoagulants. Acetyl eugenol, a component of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.), inhibits platelet aggregation in humans. This could lead to bleeding (59), (60).

Avoid using clove oil if you have had a recent major surgery, peptic ulcers, or bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia.

You can buy clove oil from your nearest health store. But before you make a purchase, you need to keep a few things in mind.

What To Look For When Buying Clove Oil

Look for a purity statement on the label

Try to buy 100 percent clove essential oil and look for other ingredients listed (if any).

Don’t go by the marketing hype

Generally, essential oils are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the same way as drugs. Hence, you should be more cautious of any oil that claims to cure a specific condition.

Make sure the clove oil is in a dark glass bottle

Light has the potential to damage essential oils. Dark glass helps keep the light out. Always ensure your product comes packaged in a dark glass bottle.

If you can, smell it before buying it

Clove essential oil has a unique fragrance. Smell it before buying. If it does not smell natural, avoid purchasing it.

Conclusion

Clove oil possesses many therapeutic properties and has several health benefits. From dealing with dental problems to treating cardiovascular issues, this essential oil can improve human health in various ways. However, excess usage may cause several side effects. Hence, limit its use and consult your doctor if you experience any adverse effects.

Expert’s Answers For Readers’ Questions

Can you drink clove oil?

Ingestion of clove oil can be dangerous. Clove oil ingestion may result in coma, fits, and acute liver damage (61).

Can clove oil damage teeth?

Clove oil is generally considered safe for teeth.

How often can I use clove oil on my tooth?

If you are suffering from toothache, you can use it every 3-5 hours for relief. If you have multiple pain points in your mouth after a dental procedure, you can add a few drops of clove oil to coconut oil and swirl it in your mouth.

Does clove oil help you sleep?

The oil contains eugenol that is a mild anesthetic. It may aid in sleeping. Apply a few drops of warm clove oil with some carrier oil on your forehead for better sleep.

Can you apply clove oil directly to the skin?

First, do a patch test after diluting the oil with a carrier oil. If there is no reaction, you can apply clove oil to your skin.

How long does clove oil take to work?

Clove oil may soothe a toothache and relieve pain within minutes. It generally takes 5-10 minutes to work.

61 sources

Stylecraze는 엄격한 소싱 지침을 가지고 있으며 동료 검토 연구, 학술 연구 기관 및 의학 협회에 의존합니다. 우리는 3 차 참조를 사용하지 않습니다. 당사의 편집 정책을 읽으면 콘텐츠가 정확하고 최신인지 확인하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아볼 수 있습니다.

• Milind, Parle 및 Khanna Deepa. "Clove: 챔피언 향신료." Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2.1 (2011): 47-54.

  www.researchgate.net/publication/267402397_Clove_A_champion_spice

• Cortés-Rojas, Diego Francisco et al. "Clove (Syzygiumaromaticum): 귀중한 향신료." 아시아 태평양 저널 열대 생물 의학 vol. 4,2 (2014): 90-6.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819475/

• Kumarswamy, A. “Multimodal management of dental pain with focus on alternative medicine: A novel herbal dental gel.” Contemporary clinical dentistry vol. 7,2 (2016): 131-9.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4906852/

• Kozam, George. “The effect of eugenol on nerve transmission.” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 44.5 (1977): 799-805.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0030422077903905

• Kothiwale, Shaila V., et al. “A comparative study of antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of herbal mouthrinse containing tea tree oil, clove, and basil with commercially available essential oil mouthrinse.” Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 18.3 (2014): 316.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4095623/

• Kouidhi, Bochra, Tarek Zmantar, and Amina Bakhrouf. “Anticariogenic and cytotoxic activity of clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) against a large number of oral pathogens.” Annals of microbiology 60.4 (2010): 599-604.

  link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13213-010-0092-6

• Marya, Charu M et al. “In vitro inhibitory effect of clove essential oil and its two active principles on tooth decalcification by apple juice.” International journal of dentistry vol. 2012 (2012): 759618.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432374/

• Kanth, M Rajini et al. “Efficacy of Specific Plant Products on Microorganisms Causing Dental Caries.” Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR vol. 10,12 (2016): ZM01-ZM03. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/19772.9025

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5296592/

• Fu, YuJie, et al. “The antibacterial activity of clove essential oil against Propionibacterium acnes and its mechanism of action.” Archives of dermatology 145.1 (2009): 86-88.

  jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/711838

• Ibrahim IM, Elsaie ML, Almohsen AM, Mohey-Eddin MH. Effectiveness of topical clove oil on symptomatic treatment of chronic pruritus. J Cosmet Dermatol . 2017;16(4):508‐511.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28382655/

• Elwakeel HA, Moneim HA, Farid M, Gohar AA. Clove oil cream: a new effective treatment for chronic anal fissure. Colorectal Dis . 2007;9(6):549‐552.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17573751/

• Nethravathi, V., and V. Vijaitha. “Effectiveness of Clove oil massage on Lower Back Pain among Post Natal Mothers at Selected Hospitals, Bangalore.” Asian Journal of Nursing education and research 5.4 (2015): 467-470.

  www.researchgate.net/publication/286523804_Effectiveness_of_Clove_oil_massage_on_Lower_Back_Pain_among_Post_Natal_Mothers_at_Selected_Hospitals_Bangalore

• Cortés-Rojas, Diego Francisco et al. “Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice.” Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine vol. 4,2 (2014): 90-6. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819475/#b30

• Li, Hai Ying et al. “Eugenol Inhibits ATP-induced P2X Currents in Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons.” The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology: official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology vol. 12,6 (2008): 315-21. doi:10.4196/kjpp.2008.12.6.315

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788653/

• Halder, Sumita, et al. “Acute effect of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata on cognition and pain in mice.” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s archives of pharmacology 385.6 (2012): 587-593.

  link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00210-012-0742-2

• Alqareer A, Alyahya A, Andersson L. The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics. J Dent . 2006;34(10):747‐750.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16530911/

• Duarte, R. C., et al. “Irradiation effect on antifungal potential of clove essential oil.” Science And Technology Against Microbial Pathogens: Research, Development and Evaluation . 2011. 236-240.

  www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814354868_0046

• Santin JR, Lemos M, Klein-Júnior LC, et al. Gastroprotective activity of essential oil of the Syzygium aromaticum and its major component eugenol in different animal models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol . 2011;383(2):149‐158.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21140134/

• Kumaravelu, Parasakthy, et al. “The antioxidant effect of eugenol on CCl4-induced erythrocyte damage in rats.” The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 7.1 (1996): 23-28.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/095528639500162X

• Abdel-Magied, N., and A. G. Ahmed. “Efficacy of clove oil as an antioxidant against radiation risk in male rats.” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 4.3 (2011): 939-955.

  inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:44083430

• Humbal, Brijesh R., et al. “Evaluation of in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium aromaticum oil in male wistar rats.” (2019).

  www.researchgate.net/publication/334735954_Evaluation_of_in-vivo_anti-inflammatory_activity_of_Syzygium_aromaticum_oil_in_male_wistar_rats

• Taher, Yousef A., et al. “Experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of clove oil in mice.” Libyan Journal of Medicine 10.1 (2015): 28685.

  www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/ljm.v10.28685

• Nuñez, L, and M D’ Aquino. “Microbicide activity of clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata).” Brazilian journal of microbiology: vol. 43,4 (2012): 1255-60.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769004/

• Ács, Kamilla et al. “Antibacterial activity evaluation of selected essential oils in liquid and vapor phase on respiratory tract pathogens.” BMC complementary and alternative medicine vol. 18,1 227. 27 Jul. 2018, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6064118/
• Santa Packyanathan, Jerusha, and Gopinath Prakasam. “Antibacterial Effect of Clove Oil against Clinical Strains of Escherichia coli.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 9.7 (2017): 1203.

  search.proquest.com/openview/8bf3b96982be7f97c4f86c4dd8ae3dd9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=54977

• Vázquez-Sánchez D, Cabo ML, Rodríguez-Herrera JJ. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Food Sci Technol Int . 2015;21(8):559‐570.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25280938/

• Chami N, Bennis S, Chami F, Aboussekhra A, Remmal A. Study of anticandidal activity of carvacrol and eugenol in vitro and in vivo. Oral Microbiol Immunol . 2005;20(2):106‐111.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15720571/

• Kurokawa M, Nagasaka K, Hirabayashi T, et al. Efficacy of traditional herbal medicines in combination with acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res . 1995;27(1-2):19‐37.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7486956/

• Wu, Shuhua et al. “Protective essential oil attenuates influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in MDCK cells.” BMC complementary and alternative medicine vol. 10 69. 15 Nov. 2010.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994788/

• Shapiro, Rochel. “Prevention of vector transmitted diseases with clove oil insect repellent.” Journal of pediatric nursing 27.4 (2012): 346-349.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882596311001898

• Iwamatsu, Takuma, et al. “Identification of repellent odorants to the body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis, in clove essential oil.” Parasitology research 115.4 (2016): 1659-1666.

  link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-016-4905-9

• Park, Il-Kwon, and Sang-Chul Shin. “Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and clove bud (Eugenia caryophyllata) oils against the Japanese termite (Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe).” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53.11 (2005): 4388-4392.

  pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf050393r

• Eamsobhana P, Yoolek A, Kongkaew W, et al. Laboratory evaluation of aromatic essential oils from thirteen plant species as candidate repellents against Leptotrombidium chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae), the vector of scrub typhus. Exp Appl Acarol . 2009;47(3):257‐262.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19009361/

• Hanifah, Azima Laili, et al. “Laboratory evaluation of six crude plant extracts as repellents against larval Leptotrombidium deliense (Acari: Trombiculidae).” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2.1 (2012): S257-S259.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2221169112601701

• Sritabutra, Duangkamon, et al. “Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 1.1 (2011): S124-S128.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S222116911160138X

• Barbosa, Juliana DF, et al. “Structure–activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae.” Pest management science 68.11 (2012): 1478-1483.

  onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ps.3331

• Kafle L, Shih CJ. Toxicity and repellency of compounds from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) to red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Econ Entomol . 2013;106(1):131‐135.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23448024/

• Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Eugenol (Clove Oil).

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551727/

• Peixoto-Neves, Dieniffer et al. “Eugenol dilates rat cerebral arteries by inhibiting smooth muscle cell voltage-dependent calcium channels.” Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology vol. 64,5 (2014): 401-6.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4224997/

• Lahlou, Saad, et al. “Cardiovascular effects of eugenol, a phenolic compound present in many plant essential oils, in normotensive rats.” Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 43.2 (2004): 250-257.

  www.researchgate.net/publication/8925226_Cardiovascular_Effects_of_Eugenol_A_Phenolic_Compound_Present_in_Many_Plant_Essential_Oils_in_Normotensive_Rats

• Al-Okbi, Sahar Y., et al. “Protective effect of clove oil and eugenol microemulsions on fatty liver and dyslipidemia as components of metabolic syndrome.” Journal of medicinal food 17.7 (2014): 764-771.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24611461/

• Shukri, Radhiah, Suhaila Mohamed, and Noordin Mohamed Mustapha. “Cloves protect the heart, liver and lens of diabetic rats.” Food chemistry 122.4 (2010): 1116-1121.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814610003870

• Peixoto‐Neves, Dieniffer, et al. “Eugenol dilates mesenteric arteries and reduces systemic BP by activating endothelial cell TRPV 4 channels.” British journal of pharmacology 172.14 (2015): 3484-3494.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25832173/

• Shahtalebi, Mohammad Ali, Atefeh Sadat-Hosseini, and Leila Safaeian. “Preparation and evaluation of clove oil in emu oil self-emulsion for hair conditioning and hair loss prevention.” Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology 5 (2016).

  www.researchgate.net/publication/301204003_Preparation_and_evaluation_of_clove_oil_in_emu_oil_self-emulsion_for_hair_conditioning_and_hair_loss_prevention

• Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol . 2006;71(10):1397‐1421.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16563357/

• Ghosh, Rita, et al. “Eugenol Causes Melanoma Growth Suppression through Inhibition of E2F1 Transcriptional Activity.” Journal of Biological Chemistry , 18 Feb. 2005, www.jbc.org/content/280/7/5812.short.
• National Toxicology Program. Carcinogenesis Studies of Eugenol (CAS No. 97-53-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser . 1983;223:1‐159.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12778213/

• Liu, Haizhou et al. “Clove extract inhibits tumor growth and promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.” Oncology research vol. 21,5 (2014): 247-59.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4132639/

• Atsumi, T., et al. “A Comparative Study of the Antioxidant/Prooxidant Activities of Eugenol and Isoeugenol with Various Concentrations and Oxidation Conditions.” Toxicology in Vitro , Pergamon, 17 June 2005, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S088723330500072X.

  www.citationmachine.net/bibliographies/616422860?new=true

• Tajuddin et al. “Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry. (clove) in male mice: a comparative study.” BMC complementary and alternative medicine vol. 3 6. 20 Oct. 2003.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC270058/

• Tajuddin et al. “Effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry. (clove) on sexual behaviour of normal male rats.” BMC complementary and alternative medicine vol. 4 17. 5 Nov. 2004.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534794/

• Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Eugenol (Clove Oil).

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551727/

• Gülçin, İlhami, et al. “Antioxidant Activity of Clove Oil – A Powerful Antioxidant Source.” Arabian Journal of Chemistry , Elsevier, 19 Sept. 2010, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535210001899.
• Thompson DC, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Moldéus P. Metabolism and cytotoxicity of eugenol in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact . 1991;77(2):137‐147.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1991333/

• Mizutani T, Satoh K, Nomura H, Nakanishi K. Hepatotoxicity of eugenol in mice depleted of glutathione by treatment with DL-buthionine sulfoximine. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol . 1991;71(2):219‐230.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2047567/

• Barkin ME, Boyd JP, Cohen S. Acute allergic reaction to eugenol. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol . 1984;57(4):441‐442.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6584843/

• Tammannavar P, Pushpalatha C, Jain S, Sowmya SV. An unexpected positive hypersensitive reaction to eugenol. BMJ Case Rep . 2013;2013:bcr2013009464. Published 2013 Sep 18.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24049087/

• Klein AH, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Eugenol and carvacrol induce temporally desensitizing patterns of oral irritation and enhance innocuous warmth and noxious heat sensation on the tongue. Pain . 2013;154(10):2078‐2087.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23791894/

• Srivastava, K.C., and N. Malhotra. “Acetyl Eugenol, a Component of Oil of Cloves (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) Inhibits Aggregation and Alters Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Human Blood Platelets.” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , Churchill Livingstone, 3 Apr. 2004.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/095232789190070L

• Srivastava, K.C. “Antiplatelet Principles from a Food Spice Clove (Syzgium Aromaticum L).” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , Churchill Livingstone, 3 Apr. 2004.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/095232789390116E

• Hartnoll G, Moore D, Douek D. Near fatal ingestion of oil of cloves. Arch Dis Child . 1993;69(3):392‐393.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8215554/